What types of speech disorders do you have?In this article, we will answer these questions. Types of speech disorders
Is language one of the most powerful tools of the human being, which differentiates us from other species and allows us to communicate and transmit information, feelings, desires?And perpetuate culture and knowledge. Many psychologists have analyzed their role in development; One of them was the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who made important contributions in this regard, however, oral language is sometimes altered by different causes, which causes certain types of speech disorders.
- Can having a speech prevent all kinds of consequences: social.
- Academic.
- Personal?Speech is part of our day-to-day life and allows us to interact.
- Share information.
- Express ourselves.
- But what are speech disorders?Let’s learn about its definition.
- Its causes and its symptoms.
“To understand the language of others, it is not enough to understand the words, is it necessary to understand your thoughts?. – Lev Vygotsky-
There are different types of speech disorders that involve a deficiency in the creation or formation of speech sounds, necessary for communication with others. Speech disorders prevent children from speaking correctly (affecting pronunciation, word formation, etc. ), impairing their understanding.
In DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), the following communication disorders include:
However, in this article we will only address the types of speech disorders, not communication disorders, so we will only talk about some of those mentioned (those that affect speech), we will describe their most important characteristics.
Language disorder (or dysphasia) involves a number of difficulties in understanding and expressing language that affect children with an intelligence appropriate to their age or level of development, these difficulties manifest themselves in oral and written language, but also in reading, that is, it is a very global mess.
Depending on its origin, language disorder or dysphasia can be of two types:
On the other hand, depending on the altered process, we can talk about two types of dysphagia:
Finally, we find a particular type of dysphasia (in this case, acquired dysphasia), which is worth noting: the so-called disphasia of Landau Kleffner (acquired epileptic aphasia), is a receptive-expressive disorder that manifests itself in multiple changes in the patient’s EEG (electroencephalogram). Its cause is an epileptic stroke and its typical onset occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. It usually appears abruptly.
Continuing the types of speech disorders, we find a phonological disorder (dyslaly), also called phonetic disorder.
Dyslalia is a disorder that involves errors or difficulties in the articulation of words, the most common errors in dyslalias are the substitution of sounds, distortions of sounds and their absence (omission) or addition (insertion) of them, their cause is functional, that is, non-organic. the injury justifies it (its etiology is unknown).
Dyslalia is one of the most common speech disorders in childhood. It is estimated that 2-3% of children between the age of 6 and 7 have moderate or severe dyslalia, although prevalence increases in mild cases. For the diagnosis of dyslalia, it is necessary that the mistakes that the child makes when speaking are inadequate according to his level of development and interfere with its social and academic functioning.
Stuttering or dysphemia, also known as fluidity disorder, which begins in childhood in DSM-5, is undoubtedly one of the most well-known social disorders.
Stuttering affects the fluency and rhythm of speech, when the person stuttering emits one or more spasms, as well as blockages at the beginning or during speech, causing the normal pace of communication to be interrupted.
This disorder usually starts between the ages of 3 and 8, and at these ages the normal speech model begins to be acquired, depending on its duration there are different types of dysphemia:
Interestingly, people who stutter do not stutter in the following situations: when they sing, when they recite a learned text, when they are alone, or when they talk to pets. This allocation card suggests that this is a disorder strongly influenced by social anxiety.
On the other hand, according to a Ramos study (2019) that brings together other studies, music and its components (such as rhythm) can help people who stutter to control speech speed, reduce facial tension, increase speech coordination. . breathing and to reduce speech disfluence.
Another speech disorder is dysglosia; Dysglosia causes significant difficulties in articulating the sounds that make up speech. It occurs as a result of changes in the orofophonotory organs (e. g. birth defects of the lips, teeth, tongue?). In other words, its cause is organic.
Dysarthria is another speech disorder, this time caused by changes in neuromotor control (nerve damage). This results in difficulty articulating words, caused by neurological problems that cause the mouth and speech-emitting muscles to not have adequate muscle tone, preventing the person from articulating the words properly. Like dyslalia, dysarthria is one of the most well-known speech disorders.
We found different classifications of aphasia. According to the classic neuropsychological model, aphasia implies severity (unlike dysphasia, which is less severe), while according to the cognitive model, what differentiates dysphasia from aphasia is that it is acquired (vs dysphasia, which is evolutionary).
However, other authors argue that what differentiates aphasia from dysphasia is that it occurs in adults and not children; regardless of its classification, what is clear is that aphasia involves a loss or alteration of language and occurs as a result of a deficiency or head trauma. (for example, due to a stroke or head injury).
Depending on the location of the injury there are different types of aphasia, with very different symptoms, in this article you will find more information about this type of disorders.
“Language is very powerful. Language doesn’t just describe reality. Does language create the reality it describes? – Desmond Tutu-